Assembly Language Level:
Assembler - creates object codes by translating assembly instruction mnemonics into opcodes, and by resolving symbolic names for memory locations and other entities. Like to generate common short sequences of instructions.
Loader - is the part of an operating system that is responsible for loading programs. Like runtime objects.
High-level language - is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. There are three models of execution for modern high-level languages: Interpreted, Compiled, and Translated.
Low-level language - is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture.
Operating System Level:
Operating System - is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs.
Windows - is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft.
Race - A race condition occurs when two threads access a shared variable at the same time. The first thread reads the variable, and the second thread reads the same value from the variable. Then the first thread and second thread perform their operations on the value, and they race to see which thread can write the value last to the shared variable. The value of the thread that writes its value last is preserved, because the thread is writing over the value that the previous thread wrote.
ISA Level:
Mouse - is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface.
Trap - is typically a type of synchronous interrupt typically caused by an exceptional condition (e.g., breakpoint, division by zero, invalid memory access). A trap usually results in a switch to kernel mode, wherein the operating system performs some action before returning control to the originating process. A trap in a system process is more serious than a trap in a user process, and in some systems is fatal. In some usages, the term trap refers specifically to an interrupt intended to initiate a context switch to a monitor program or debugger.
Embedded Computers - also known as industrial computers, are rugged programmable platforms designed for industrial or heavy-duty applications. Computer system that is part of a larger systemand performs only peripheral functions (such as guidance or security) but no data processingfunction.
Pentium 4 - was a line of single-core desktop and laptop central processing units (CPUs), introduced by Intel.
Microarchitecture Level:
Interpreter - An interpreter translates high-level instructions into an intermediate form, which it then executes.
Adder - Although adders can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as binary-coded decimal or excess-3, the most common adders operate on binary numbers. In cases where two's complement or ones' complement is being used to represent negative numbers, it is trivial to modify an adder into an adder–subtractor. Other signed number representations require a more complex adder.
Digital Logic Level:
Dynamic RAM - is a type of random-access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit.
Static RAM - is a type of semiconductor memory where the word static indicates that, unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), it does not need to be periodically refreshed, as SRAM uses bistable latching circuitry to store each bit.
Flip Flop - is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are a fundamental building block of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.
Outside of Computer Architecture:
Blue Gene - is a computer architecture project to produce several supercomputers, designed to reach operating speeds in the PFLOPS (petaFLOPS) range, and currently reaching sustained speeds of nearly 500 TFLOPS (teraFLOPS)
Media Processor - is a microprocessor-based system-on-a-chip which is designed to deal with digital streaming data in real-time (e.g. display refresh) rates. These devices can also be considered a class of digital signal processors (DSPs).
PCI express - is a computer expansion card standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. PCI Express is used in consumer, server, and industrial applications, as a motherboard-level interconnect (to link motherboard-mounted peripherals), a passive backplane interconnect and as an expansion card interface for add-in boards.
Cache - is a component that transparently stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster. The data that is stored within a cache might be values that have been computed earlier or duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere.
Pipeline - is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements.
Gate - is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output.
Branch Prediction - is a strategy in computer architecture design for mitigating the costs usually associated with conditional branches, particularly branches to short sections of code. It does this by allowing each instruction to conditionally either perform an operation or do nothing.
Ultra SPARC - is a four-issue superscalar microprocessor that executes instructions in in-order. It has a nine-stage integer pipeline.
Parallel Processing - The simultaneous use of more than one CPU or processor core to execute a program or multiple computational threads.